Satellite monitoring & UAV Monitoring is the monitoring of changes on Earth using remote sensing methods (change detection). It is a system of regular observations from space, airborne and ground-based remote sensing, aimed at monitoring the condition of territories and objects, analyzing ongoing processes on the Earth's surface, and timely detecting changes through remote sensing techniques. Space monitoring involves regular acquisition of information about the state of the Earth's surface from space-based platforms.

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) is a division in Earth observation practices that focuses on analyzing land use and industrial-economic infrastructure (land cover) objects.

Types of territory remote monitoring include:

• Baseline monitoring (provides data on the state of the land at the start of monitoring)
• Periodic monitoring (provides data on the state of the land for a specific period - month, quarter, year)
• Operational monitoring (provides data on the current state of the land)

Satellite imagery and space monitoring are increasingly being used in various industries, including government, regional, and municipal planning and management. Space monitoring enables the acquisition of data over extensive territories and inaccessible areas, which is practically unattainable through ground surveys.

Satellite monitoring & UAV Monitoring allows for the timely detection of environmental changes, assessment of dynamics and quality of changes, and the study of interactions between technological systems at regional and object levels.

For local-level monitoring, the use of drone and UAV imagery is recommended.

In recent years, a combined monitoring approach using both satellite imagery and drone imagery has gained wide popularity.

To achieve sustainable development (ESG), it is essential to monitor the ongoing land use processes and changes in industrial-economic infrastructure over a specific period of time. For sustainable urban development and the prevention of haphazard city growth, urban development agencies need to create planning models that optimize the use of available land.

LULC maps play a crucial role in planning, management, and monitoring programs at the local, regional, and national levels. This information provides a better understanding of land use aspects and contributes to the formulation of policies and programs necessary for development planning.

Objective of Satellite monitoring & UAV Monitoring: To create a system for monitoring land changes in the area of interest using remote sensing methods (change detection) and improve decision-making based on situation assessment.

Tasks of Satellite monitoring & UAV Monitoring: Conduct Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classification of the territory. The most commonly used approaches include:

• Extracting LULC characteristics and habitat environment from multispectral satellite and aerial/UAV images.
• Unsupervised classification (performed by software).
• Supervised classification (human-guided).
• Image segmentation.
• Creating and updating topographic maps, plans, and other cartographic products for LULC analysis.
• Situation assessment of the area for a specific time period, including the analysis of change dynamics.
• Territorial changes monitoring over 2-7 years.
• Agricultural research and vegetation phase determination.
• Monitoring changes in water resources.
• Industrial-environmental monitoring.
• Administrative and territorial management, urban and land cadastre changes, infrastructure.
• And more.

• Satellite imagery provides high- and very-high-resolution images over extensive territories, ensuring a high level of detail in the obtained data.
• Continuous and repetitive acquisition of information on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of natural and anthropogenic objects and processes with precise geographic referencing through the processing of remote sensing data.
• Operational monitoring using satellite imagery enables the remote acquisition of real-time information about the situation on the ground, addressing the "human factor" effectively.
• Objective and up-to-date information about the territory of Russia and other countries without limitations.
• High frequency of image acquisitions.

LULC mapping cannot be achieved without the assistance of other geospatial datasets. Geospatial data includes not only maps and locations of land use and vegetation cover (LULC), but also numerous data attributes such as socio-economic data from population censuses.

Advancements in the use and accessibility of multi-temporal satellite and aerial (UAV) data, local environmental data, or other thematic raster data contribute to their wider use in environmental modeling.

LULC remote sensing provides synoptic information and point-based indexing (using 12 main indices) of land conditions, particularly vegetation growth conditions (primarily crops), over large geographic areas, almost in real-time.

Importantly, remote sensing methods do not require prior information about vegetation or land use types. They are independent of the people living on the land being studied, making remote sensing a more reliable method compared to paper-based reports.

The data obtained from high- and very-high-resolution satellite imagery for change detection can be obtained more quickly as they may already be available in the archives of the satellite operator, eliminating the need for coordination with government agencies for new acquisitions.

Change detection materials obtained from aircraft or UAV platforms possess high visual informativeness and excellent measurement properties but require more time for image acquisition due to the need for flight permission coordination, aircraft (UAV with operators) deployment to the survey area, and higher (multiple) cost per 1 km² of data. For change monitoring, multiple acquisitions throughout the year are necessary. Therefore, it is reasonable to execute this approach once a year to confirm the satellite imagery data.